You can also return to the MI Index or to the main Last Homely House. .
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ m m mm mm t ee m m m m oo nnn sss t ee rrrr e e m m m o o n n s tttt e e r eeee m m o o n n ssss t eeee r News 11-25-94 e m m o o n n s t e r ee m m oo n n sss tt ee r #30 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Headlines this time: News from ABM Editor's Note: Nope, you didn't miss an issue; I took October off. Even so, two month's of material here doesn't make a big issue. Let's see some chatter here! Have you got an article you'd like to see published? A question you need answered? Just something you like to bring to our attention? Send it in! When you read the news in a few moments, you'll see that there should shortly be actual new stuff to talk about... Publication data: eMonster News is published ideally on the 25th of each month. Send all submissions, questions, letters of comment, and subscription information to the email address below. eMonster News is available free for the asking to anyone able to receive it on INTERNET, CompuServe, GEnie, Delphi, America Online, Prodigy, or any other service tied into the net. Press run: 156. To avoid problems with my mailer, I send this out in batches; for a full listing of players on the net, send a note to Scott (below). eMonster News is not affiliated with Adventures By Mail in any way, and nothing in here is necessarily official. We like to think they like us, though. Please copy, post, print, or otherwise distribute this newsletter to as many players as you can; especially if they have email access. We want to promote this here game! Adventures By Mail Bob Cook bob@abm.com Editor & Publisher Scott Micheel warden@rt66.com Keeper of Blurbs Aaron Fuegi fuegi@cs.colostate.edu Group Man Brian Derks normandyknight@cup.portal.com Monster Mapper & MI BBS Jim Wuerch 73234.3410@compuserve.com Capture Creature Captain Larry Barrows lrdbear@aol.com Statmaster Jack Vinson vinson@unagi.cis.upenn.edu Seeker of Demigods Ben Vincent bjvincen@mtu.edu Lord of the Hard Sell Tom Richardson salmanila@aol.com List Director Sharyl Leis michael.mackinnon@mwcsinc.muug.mb.ca Q&A Lady Dana Barker jujubunn@aol.com Back issues of eMonster News can be got via anonymous FTP transfer. The site is ftp.erg.sri.com , the directory is /pub/pbm/monster_island/newsletters and all files are in GZIP format; to uncompress them, use GUNZIP. MI Web Page: http://scv.bu.edu/~aarondf/monster_www/index.html This newsletter is also posted to the Internet newsgroup rec.games.pbm, and usually ends up on the America OnLine boards, as well as Bif's Monster Resort BBS (317-962-2437). You are welcome to post this anyplace you wish, but please leave it intact. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ ACTUAL NEWS and a few really good rumors too... From: CasbahCarl@aol.comDate: Thu, 10 Nov 1994 07:06:34 -0500 Subject: ABM Keith Speaks The Latest From ABM: Subj: Re:Morgan's Boycott and other NEWS!! 94-11-09 23:14:47 EST From: ABMKEITH@AOL.COM Hi all.. ABMKeith reporting in again. Looks like we are going to have to hold a raffle to see who gets Morgan's old monsters. Nah. Maybe I'll just drop their health and leave them in a voodoo cauldron in the middle of a Disciples of Light camp. .... on a lighter note, congrats to all republicans on the recent overturn in the house and senate. .... lost e-mail turns. Yes. Sadly I made some errors a week ago and lost some turns. Because I wasn't sure who I had lost at the time, I had hoped I'd hear from them by now. Some I have. Thanks for being patient with me. I do not read mail once a week; e-mail is downloaded daily and I personally input the turns. Turns *do not* sit around waiting to be done. ..... on a special note to my pal Herb. Herb..on your last two faxed turns you omitted a monster# on one of your faxes. Luckily I was able to cross-reference it with the one you did give me, allowing me to come up with the missing number. Needless to say..you have one monster with it's own identity crisis now. .....special thanks to Slip Jeem..or D-wayne as I call him around the office. Your calls have cheered me up and kept me going through the tough times. It's been a heck of a ride hasn't it! . .....to all who have patiently waited for reprogramming and new game implementations. I hope to bring you good news soon about things being fixed and new things being added. Keep your eyes open! ..... to those new islanders who's setups I haven't gotten to yet. My apologies. I will be attending to them this coming week. thanks again for hanging in with me! ..... Tainted Hollow's, Stone Crypts and Tombs of Mumundus. No, the Crypts and Tombs of M haven't been implemented as of yet. Tainted Hollow's have been. A lot of talk about people not being able to get into one isn't true. Players haven't been able to *get through* one totally...but some HAVE been able to enter. Maybe you need something special? hmm.... ..... Disciple, temple sacrifice, priest blurbs...etc... these are ALL time constrainted blurbs, meaning you get them only after accomplishing some task or praying/kowtowing for the proper amount of action points. I cannot tell you how many nor when these goals should or will be acheived. It's all a part of the learning experience. .... to a gentleman out there who may know who he is? I'm still trying to get that Swine Fat dropped off into the temple you asked for...but the program won't cooperate. Should be under grips soon. I promise. ..... to all Monster Islanders who hate Magic: The Gathering. Though Magic is booming, I still spend my day with MI almost exclusively. . If anyone out there would ever like to try Quest: World of Kharne, or would just like info sent, please don't be afraid to ask. I'll be glad to forward it out to you. To those that might like to try it, but are afraid to become involved with a new gamemaster...Don't worry! I run Quest as well. You get 2 for the price of 2. seriously, I'm hoping to begin game #5 soon. If anyone would like to, or knows a friend (or enemy for that matter) please let me know. I don't mind sharing you all between games. ........ I guess that's about all for now. I'll try to pop on [to AOL] now and again to update you all one new releases in the game and with ABM in general as I find out about them. Please feel free to post here or call me at ABM to discuss any questions or concerns you may have. Thanks for spending some time here in this forum with me and I hope you enjoyed reading this as much as I did writing it. If the feedback is positive..we'll keep on doing it. Take care and good gaming, --Keith From: Gerald Hagedorn Date: Mon, 14 Nov 1994 19:13:14 -0600 (CST) Subject: Jack calls it quits! I recently sent a mail to keith asking about the situation at ABM. I got a response from Mike instead. In response to message I asked if Jack was going to go back to programming MI, and if not would they consider hiring someone to do for them. This is the response I got!!!! >From: mike@abm.com >Subject: Re: Thanks > > Actually, we are in the process of sub-contracting the programming out > to a 3rd party. So there is an end to that long dark tunnel. > > - Mike I am not saying that I request brought this about, I don't I just wanted to let everyone know. From: CasbahCarl@aol.com Date: Wed, 23 Nov 1994 10:08:11 -0500 Subject: Re: question & I was talking to Keith yesterday about the game newsletter, and he mentioned that the next one (under the new editor) hadn't been delivered to him yet. By the way, Keith says that Monster Island is now officially GM'd by him rather than by Jack. Also, he said that ABM is flying in a programmer who works on the British MI version to work on the ABM/US game. +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ YOUR BRAIN FAILS YOU but all is not lost... From: neil.slater@almac.co.uk (NEIL SLATER) Date: Thu, 03 Nov 94 11:13:00 +0100 Subject: eMonster I thought I might contribute something to eMonster, and I've had a good idea (well, I think so :-). I thought it might be good to analyse *failed* Q orders to see if we can narrow down all the possible combinations and finally discover what to do with Swine Fat or Waxed Ooze! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + HAD A FAILED QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE? THEN GOOD . . . There are so many possible combinations of items/terrains/events that no monster can hope to cover them all in his/her never ending quest to get rid of Waxed Ooze. If you have to carry that Purpumkin another five miles, then you're going to try and eat it out of frustration! (You can't by the way, I've tried it!) There is a solution. A failed Quest for Knowledge can still be useful. If you've been carrying Waxed Ooze and a Black Cave Spore for several turns, and all your Q orders have been duds in different terrains, then the chances are that combination of items doesn't make anything. Which means there is one less combination for the next monster to try. Why, if we pool our results, we might even find out something useful before we're all banging our heads against the Crystal Hills in frustration . . . So, here is my suggestion. You send me details of your failed (and new successes, if this system has helped you get there) Q orders, and I compile them into a table, and publish the results in eMonster. Details, details. I can't cover everything. I am only going to look for combinations of two items, which don't have a known use, and which the blurb doesn't suggest a use for. Here is a list of all the items I am going to look at: 65 Bow String 87 Black Cave Spore 105 Waxed Ooze 109 Turgid Toadstool 118 Purpumkin 150 Stemtoad Gland 157 Belly Baub 158 Xanxu Cave Spider Leg Joint 160 Xanxu Snakehead 161 Cave-Pecker Feather 171 Fully Hogtail 176 Pus Pouch 187 Swine Fat 189 Crobbler Skin 194 Stag Eyes 180 Tusker Tusks 149 Thermadon Rex Wings Whenever you get a failed Q order (and feel free to look through your previous orders!), then I need to know all the following info: 1. The Action Points used in the order. 2. The number of each of the above items you were carrying. 3. The Terrain. 4. Any significant Plants and Structures in the square. 5. Whether you were carrying: Squzskins, Jute Rope, Spare Rope or Spider Springs (these items all have multiple uses - I am assuming you ARE carrying a Knife?) I know its a lot, so here's a shorthand way of listing it:- Say you did a Quest for 30 points, you were carrying a Bow String, 3 Waxed Ooze and a Purpumpkin, in Sticks with a Jute Vine and Far Post in the square. You were also carrying a Jute Rope, Spare Rope, Squzskins and Spider Springs. You could send me a line like this: Q30. #65, 3#105, #118. Sticks + Jute Vine + Far Post. JR, SR, SQ, SS. (I will probably store all the entries this way.) Send all your stuff to Neil.Slater@Almac.co.uk. I look forward to hearing from you, and to publishing my first table of combinations. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ NOTES FROM OUR READERS From: Greg Lindahl Date: Tue, 11 Oct 1994 13:57:07 -0400 To: Scott Micheel Subject: Re: pbm.archive/monster.island/minews In your last issue, when telling people how to FTP the old Monster Island Newsletters on internet, you forgot the "set binary" in the ftp instructions. From: ilya@ifs.com (Ilya Taytslin) Date: Wed, 2 Nov 94 13:29:23 EST Subject: MI Hello, Scott! Here are a few bits and pieces for the eMonster: To exhume a corpse in order to make a Zombie, you don't need a digging implement -- your claws are sufficient ("You uncover a poorly buried corpse and apply the Zombie Juice"). Of course, using clam shells or shovels might make a superior Zombie -- I don't know. When used against a Creature with an appropriate vulnerability, weapon's damage class seems to increase by a factor of 1.5. Rauph's primary weapon is a Long Sword (DC 4), and he switches to a DC 3 Silver-studded Club whenever fighting a Creature vulnerable to bashing. Kats A. Nova's primary weapon is a Trident (DC 5), and he never switches to a DC 3 weapon. Once Kats acquires a non-Pole DC 4 weapon, I'll test this more thoroughly. Any particular monster's weapon damage seems to be fairly constant most of the time, but occasionally you do much better, as the following quote shows: ** BATTLE: RAUPH vs. a Wolfcur ** [missile phase] You swiftly change weapons and use your Silver-studded Club... [3 hits reduces its Health by 49.]... [5 hits reduces your Health by 21.] Using your Silver-studded Club, you slammed Wolfcur's left side. [1 hit reduces its Health by 31.]... dead. Even with effective damage class of 4.5, thirty-one damage in one blow is a lot, especially considering relatively low damage in the preceding round. For those young monsters who are afraid to sell their accumulated junk, there is still no known use for: belly baub, black cave spores, black lotus leaf, cave-pecker feather, crobbler skin, fluffy hogtail, purpumpkin, pus pouch, rock mushroom, somanda dust, sourpuss ear, stemtoad gland, swine fat, thermadon rex wing, turgid toadstool, tusker tusk, waxed ooze, xanxu leg joint, xanxu snakehead, xanxu webbed feet. *****Scott says: I just learned that Tusker Tusks can be used to Enhance a Fort (four sets mounted on the walls to discourage climbers...) Some of the above items can not be sold, at least yet, while a few (e.g. black lotus leaf) are so incredibly valuable that you should probably hang onto them rather than sell them. Article: 14418 of rec.games.pbm Subject: MI: need map info From: akothe@charlie.usd.edu Date: Tue, 11 Oct 1994 14:52:12 GMT Hi, I would like any map info for the Southern Westlands near Survey post # 97. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks Article: 14426 of rec.games.pbm From: casbahcarl@aol.com (CasbahCarl) Subject: Re: MI: need map info Date: 11 Oct 1994 22:36:02 -0400 Hi, it's possible someone may be able to help you with mapping that far west, but my guess is that your best bet is to simple head due east until you cross a trail (if you haven't already) and then follow it until you get to a far post. People are much more likely to be able to help you with mapping if you can give them the name of a far post to which you're closest. All my monsters are in the north/central regions, so unfortunately this paltry bit of advice is the only help I can provide. From: Mel Krehbiel Date: Thu, 13 Oct 94 10:38:22 Subject: Re: MI/news One of my group members, Kevin Geller, has apparently been trying to get Emonster, but without success. If you could add him to the list of people you are sending to (or verify his email address), I would appreciate it. Kevin Geller: kevin997@alaska.relay.ucm.org Note he had a previous address at avo.com (or something like that) that is now invalid. *****Scott says: I've been trying to get to this guy for months now. For some reason anything I send doesn't find him (he has no trouble reaching *me*). I've tries the address you give, and others... the latest try is bodedo!alaska.relay.ucm.org!kevin997@cs.utexas.edu which might reach him... Ask him if he got this newsletter; if not, I'll try another variant... Large portions of this last Emonster looked like it might have been a dump from AOL (either edited or not, I have no way of knowing). In any case, it was long on gripe, and short on patience. So, here is my own two oculars on the various subjects: Things I'd like to see: 1) Understanding and patience on all sides. Shit happens, y'know? 2) Constructive criticism, rather than just griping. If you don't know why something happened (why you got hung up on, why 'the fix is in the mail' never arrived), find out why; if it can recur, suggest ways to prevent it. More specifically, 3) An ABM customer service FAQ: Who do we talk to about problems with turns? Why can't I talk with Jack (or "the GM" or whoever) directly? When can I expect my turn to be corrected? (and What do I do when it hasn't been corrected?) When will the bug that caused my problem be corrected? - or - Where is this bug in the "bugs to be fixed" queue? ... and (even if only for in-house at ABM) how is the problem handled/tracked, even if the fix is done while the customer is on the line? 4) Jack Insulation. He's a programmer. If he has to handle player calls, rerun turns, or the like, he's not extending/correcting the MI (or other) program. Jack's comments (reported in Emonster) say he falls farther and farther behind. If this is so, shouldn't ABM be looking for ways to take some of that off his plate? (... a) so he get back to programming, and b) so he is allowed time off to sleep (... perchance to dream). :) ) 5) Given the number of people setting their MI positions aside, perhaps a list should be made of those who'd like to be notified when the (anticipated) new region is opened up. If they've stopped playing all their positions, a MI J. or BMT isn't going to get to them.... My apologies if I am proposing yolk-extracting techniques to octogenerians; these are things I think useful, yet have not seen. From: CasbahCarl@aol.com Date: Sun, 23 Oct 1994 11:36:03 -0400 Subject: Re: HELLO.. is anybody out there???? I just discovered from one of my monsters who has an automatic Glean Cache order set that he can glean the caches of other groups. I mentioned it to someone and he thought it was similar to hidey-holes in that members of a race, say vipers, can detect other vipers in hidey-holes. Conversely, vipers can glean the cache established by other vipers, regardless of group affiliation. Any confirmation? From: fuegi@CS.ColoState.EDU (Aaron D. Fuegi) Date: Sun, 23 Oct 94 14:39:47 MDT Subject: Re: HELLO.. is anybody out there???? I do know that sometimes one can find caches of other groups, and I assume if you find one you can glean it. I don't know what determines if you find the cache (race, randomness, ???). I had always assumed it was random but there may very well be some deterministic control. From: Jens-Michael Krumm Subject: MI: help needed Date: Thu, 27 Oct 1994 21:28:01 +0100 I have two problems where I could need some help with: 1. I'm a registered user of the MMapper but in Germany we haven't got the recenter utility for the MMapper. Could you name me someone from whom I could get this file? 2. I'm currently playing near the Twisted Tablor Inn (I think) and I'm looking for a Tuvian plant for making a shovel. Could you give me a hint where to look for one? From: Jim Wuerch <73234.3410@compuserve.com> Date: 02 Nov 94 13:33:53 EST Subject: MI: help needed (fwd) (This is in response to people in Germany needing RECENTER.EXE or any other MMAPPER tools) In the MI Files area on my BBS (317-962-2437) there is a file called RECENTER.ZIP. This has the program RECENTER.EXE that contains the program requested. If you could find someone, and UUENCODE it, and send it, then that would help greatly. (My Internet access is very limited, and not cheap) *****Scott says: I'm hoping some kind soul will do this for our friend, as I'm using severly ancient non-IBM equipment and would have a heck of a time with file formats... Article: 14542 of rec.games.pbm From: fuegi@beethoven.cs.colostate.edu (Aaron D. Fuegi) Subject: Re: MI:How do that Voodoo? Date: 20 Oct 1994 12:21:19 -0600 Quoting Chuck Miro quoting Michael Poidinger >> For my money voodoo is vastly overrated. Some voodoo is useful, >> healing, curing and building strength, but who would really >> use an elixer that scared away thermadons or gnit gnats? > >Mike, you're right. I'd say that there's only three useful voodoo >concoctions--White Lotus Elixir, Purple Lotus Elixir and Brawn Elixir. The >rest basically useless or downright silly. I think GnitgnotOff falls into >both the useless and silly categories. I generally agree with you and in fact I don't even think PLE is much use. On the other hand, one you didn't list was Scatamunga horn which apparently is reasonably effective at scaring off creatures. Has anyone tried this at any serious Dark Places and if so what were the results? I spend at this point ALL my oculars on White Lotus Leaves, I've bought up to 44 at a time (440 oculars worth). Article: 14586 of rec.games.pbm From: zbc01@cc.keele.ac.uk (T.J. Sharrock) Subject: Re: MI:How do that Voodoo? Date: 27 Oct 1994 10:01:20 GMT Reptron Salve is also useful, but not worth going too far out of your way for... From: Dana Wright <72627.531@compuserve.com> Date: 01 Nov 94 21:05:10 EST Subject: mi:? Has anyone ever tried the LB order and if so what results? Can you use it at a graveyard? *****Scott says: Mostly, the LB doesn't do anything. A very few monsters have found treasure! underneath (I seem to recall some Dmg Silver somethings being mentioned...) There is an old rumor that you can fill a Deep Pit by leveraging a boulder into it, but it's never been proven... I've never tried it anywhere there wasn't a boulder... From: Gerald Hagedorn Date: Fri, 4 Nov 1994 19:41:58 -0600 (CST) Subject: Turn Report I got a three turns back this week for my two monsters. I will start of with the mild news, my second monster (a norman) set forth rebuilding a temple ruin for fuvah. He finished clearing away debris and then using his expert mansonry skills started laying the foundation. The interesting thing is that my mount did not aid me this turn. Last turn my turn specificly said "your mount assists you". This turn it did not say that and I did not get the extra points. Was my mount just stubborn this turn and refused to do any work?? My other monster entered a GREAT cave. He set his fear spell on to scare away any bortolotumus that might come his way. He entered the cave and was immediately meet by a six-headed adder. He made quick work of the poor devil, slicing and dicing it into snake steaks (+4 food). Next a Xanxu cave spider crossed my path 2 swings and 33 points later I collected 2 leg joints. I then slaughtered a great trap snake (more snake steaks), and a Xanxu cave snake. I then found the pond in the cave and preceded to walk out on the rock path. I was meet by a Xanxu wart toad, I cast my Fear spell and it ran (hopped) away. Once on the Island I found an unreadable scroll and an Iron Stein, before I was ran off by four shifting wraiths. I wandered my way back out of the cave fighting a sneaky cave leaper on the way. Question, can you use an Iron Stein in place of a Voodoo Cauldron?? I had sent in two turns, so my monster entered the Great cave again. He went through 2 torch light spells before finding a decrepit zoingo box containing 7 zoingo silver, and 8 zoingo copper coins (more temple treasure) He then slaughered a couple of cave peckers and a squeezy snake, before coming apon a pond. I then found a Bortolatomus, I cast a Fear spell, expecting it to run away. It looked scared but did not leave. So I sliced and diced it for 77 points, while taking 40. I then collected 17 food and waddled to the island. I fought a wart toad (fear spell had no effect this turn) I did 70 and it did 22 doa. I then searched the island and manged to find King's spiked legg'n before I was ran off the island. From: Gerald Hagedorn Date: Mon, 21 Nov 1994 17:13:31 -0600 (CST) Subject: Fuvah temples Hi everyone, I have had a couple of requests for Fuvah temple locations. Here is a list that I have. This is from the Fireriders mapps, but are in my groups mapping system. I have marked temple that my monster have personally been to with an (*). Grackle, Grouse, and Grail(0E,0N) Black Swan(94E,1N) 1 (38,61) * 2 (114,45) 3 (68,43) * 4 (51,8) * 5 (25,-9) * 6 (100,-18) * 7 (70,-30) * 8 (59,-67) 9 (30,-69) 10 (97,-79) 11 (-12,-84) 12 (39,-125) 13 (-29,-167) 14 (-8,-181) 15 (29,-184) 16 (89,-206) There is also another Fuvite temple under construction in the Northern Starth; I hope to be able to give coordinates in a couple of weeks. From: Ron Blanco Date: Wed, 23 Nov 1994 02:00:15 -0500 (EST) Subject: chit chat? I've been using a Light Armor Spell, rather than an Armor Spell... Does anyone else think that the extra cost in Spell Points doesn't warrant using the extra (minor) increase in protection? If not, then explain... :-) For those of you, who have Enchant Weapon (20 spell points) and Fireball (10 spell points)... ...do you find Fireball better, since it smacks the creature before it nears you... ...OR isn't the bonus on the weapon more than twice the value (comparing spell points used)...??? Does Enchant Weapon or Fireball get used on more creatures, than the other? What kind of damage does Fireball do? For comparison, I'll try and use Fireball on my next Loggerhead Camp... :-) Chau fer now, Storm'n Norm'n... *****Scott says: I too use the Light Armor spell rather than the Armor. I use Lightning and Sleep (because it's cheep) for offense, depending soley on how many spell points I've got at the time... Article: 15065 of rec.games.pbm From: WCK93001@UCONNVM.UCONN.EDU (W. C. Kida) Date: Sun, 20 Nov 1994 20:07:55 GMT Subject: MI: Small Caves Hi. One of my monsters found a Small Cave, and he's going to explore it next turn. What will happen if he explores it twice in a row? Let's say he successfully explores the cave on the first try, will he find anything new on the second exploration? What kind of monster(s) will he meet? Here is my monster's stats: 90 Health 69 Muscle Carved Club Hand Catapult Leather Armor Squzskin Helmet Squzskin Gauntlets Crab Buckler What are his chances against the creature(s) he might encounter? Article: 15079 of rec.games.pbm From: thmoe@oleg.hiof.no (THOMAS MOE) Date: Mon, 21 Nov 1994 14:39:30 Subject: Re: MI: Small Caves Small Caves only yield treasure once in a while. Trying again within at least a couple of turns is going to fail. The list of what creatures you can meet is really too long to put here. (I can't remember all.) Any creatures you encounter is not likely to be of any serious threat to you, really. Article: 15084 of rec.games.pbm From: casbahcarl@aol.com (CasbahCarl) Date: 21 Nov 1994 16:20:20 -0500 Subject: Re: MI: Small Caves Yeah, in my experience the treasure [from Small Caves] is pretty disappointing. Mostly just Belly Baubs, if I remember right. Large Caves are definitely better, or Hillocks for that matter. Boost your wrestling stats and tackle a Tomb of Mumi. Article: 15089 of rec.games.pbm From: thmoe@oleg.hiof.no (THOMAS MOE) Date: Tue, 22 Nov 1994 08:10:06 Subject: Re: MI: Small Caves Good ideas, but doing Hillocks before qualifying for a Spiked Club is a waste of time. And Belly Baubs do not qualify as treasure, they are Creature parts. And you can sometimes get very nice treasure. I got my Iron Shield from a Small Cave in the western Gwardion. *****Scott says: I think caves are the only place you can find Blood Mites, who's eyes are a requirement for the Reptron Salve voodoo. (I know they can be found in Large Caves too, though...) +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+